Reader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest...

Reader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest Hemingway’s Hills like white elephants From the very beginning of the literature people tended to criticize the literary works according to some certain criteria. Some critics claimed that the text itself is important and some other said the author and his style is the thing that should be focused on. Form and content were the other significant elements in the history of the literary criticism. In addition, the social and political influences of the time that the work was written were also considered as important. However the reader who reads the work and his thoughts and his interpretations were not as valuable as the other criteria until late 19th and early 20th century. From†¦show more content†¦So there is another new term in the criticism, subjective perception, that is to say how a reader understands and reacts to a work. There are many approaches about how people perceive the real world, they have different results but the only thing they agree is that the perceiver is active and not passive in the act of perception. Here the perceiver, the reader, is the center of the literary criticism. According to Formalist critics a poem is about itself (its form, its imagery, its literary meaning) before it is about the poet, the reader, or the world. However, if we reject formalism and adopt the perspective of the reader, we can say that the poem has no real existence until it is read, its meaning can only be discussed by its readers. Every reader can find different things in a work because our ways of reading differ. Walker Gibson can be claimed as one of the first critics of this New Criticism. His view of literature is text-centered. It assumes the value and uniqueness of the literary work of art. In his essay, the concept of the reader is introduced as a way of unlocking further treasures in the text. Shortly, the text is still important but the reader is there to achieve some certain tasks. Here we see a new term, mock reader. As its name suggests, it is not a real reader but is a role that the real reader is invited to play for the duration of the novel. As for Gibson, the concept of the mock reader is a property of the text and not a

Emotional Intelligence As A Skill - 945 Words

Since the emergence of emotional intelligence, many theorists have contributed to the understanding and development of the concept. Of those, Mayer and Salovey were the first to introduce emotional intelligence as a skill; recognizing it as the capacity to identify, reason, problem solve, and enhance thinking through the use of emotion (Mayer and Salovey, 1990). Termed as the ability theory, the model also proposes that individuals vary in their emotional processing abilities and that they are able further develop and refine these skills promoting both emotional and intellectual growth (Akerjordet and Severinsson, 2007). By using the four branches of emotional ability, individuals are able to improve the management of emotions and interpersonal connections (Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso, 2011). As previously noted, the ability theory contains four branches, perception, assimilation, understanding, and regulation, which are developed to help an individual become more emotionally intelligent (Mayer and Salovey, 1997). Described as the most important level, perception utilizes nonverbal reception and expression of emotion; without this basic skill, the other branches would not be possible. In their 2011 study, Collins, Schrimmer, Diamond, and Burke examined the relationship between nonverbal communication skills and rapport among medical students and their patients. Interviews from 19 medical students and residents were videotaped and assessed using a nonverbal item checklistShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Social Skill1592 Words   |  7 PagesWithin Emotional Intelligence, which was discussed in my previous tenet, there are several components. Empathy and social skill are two specific components within Emotional Intelligence that tie in nicely with the tenet of be ing empathetic. In order to be empathetic with another individual, one must have social skill. Social skill is defined as â€Å"proficiency in managing relationships and building networks that can be expanded in a source of persuasiveness† (Goleman 103). Being able to hold a conversationRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : An Effective Leadership Skills Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence (EI) is having the ability to recognize, perceive, control, and evaluate one’s emotions. EI is also the ability to see how one’s emotions affect others (Marquis Huston, 2012; Mindtool, 1996-2015). In the healthcare landscape of today, effective leadership skills are critical to an organization. High EI is a skill that effective leaders possess (Sadri, 2012). When a leader has a high EI, they have a clear understanding of their strengths and weaknessesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Training Intervention : Cognitive Intelligence And Technical Skills2125 Words   |  9 PagesEmotional Intelligence Training Intervention There are many facets to leadership, however, Emotional Intelligence (EI) is both the most difficult to develop and the most critical to success. Cognitive intelligence and technical skills are required for most positions, but to be truly effective leaders must also demonstrate emotional intelligence. In today’s ever-changing world, technical skills become obsolete with each new iteration of a process or technology; yet soft-skills, or EI, transcendRead MoreWhy it is important to have emotional intelligence in the workplace1600 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Why Emotional Intelligence Is Important To Have In The Workplace MGMT 201 11/21/2013 Introduction There are many different characteristics a person needs to possess in order to be an effective leader and to be an asset to a company. Besides having a high IQ a leader must be able to evaluate a business environment, manage tasks efficiently, promote strategic thinking and innovation, and manage change. All the traits just mentioned are extremely importantRead MorePersonal Statement On Emotional Intelligence1593 Words   |  7 Pages Emotional Intelligence Tanveer Vora 1610793 University Canada West Professor: Dr. Michele Vincenti MGMT601 Leadership in the Global Context 16th January 2017 Abstract The paper discusses about the emotional intelligence, which has various factors. The factors are self awareness, motivation, self regulation, social skills and empathy. In case of effective leadership, these factors plays major role. However, emotional intelligence is teachable to improve the personal skills and personality.Read MoreEmotional Intelligence And Interpersonal Intelligence912 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence Picture a world where humans could not understand each other’s feelings. It looks pretty bleak, right? Luckily, humans do have the ability to comprehend others’ facial and body expressions, emotions, and language. Since this is such a beneficial and amazing power that we hold, it has been labeled as a sort of intelligence- emotional intelligence. The ability to control and express our emotions, as well as understand, recognize, and response to others’ emotions is essentialRead MoreEmotional Intelligence Training For Increased Success1351 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional Intelligence Training for Increased Success The global business environment is complex and dynamic. Everyone working in business across the globe is experiencing stress (Singh Sharma, 2012). Due to the quick pace at which decisions may need to be made, understanding the impact of mood and emotions on decision making is important for leaders (Brabec, 2012). Decisions are made at all levels within the organization, therefore emotional intelligence skills are required for everyone withinRead MoreEmotional Intelligence and Athletic Performance1744 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex emotions, how emotions are affected by events surrounding experiences, and whether various emotional reactions are likely in given social settings. Regulating emotions encompasses the control of emotions in oneself and in others. An individual’s emotional intelligence is an indication of how he or she perceives, understands, and regulates emotions. In sum, emotional intelligence is a form of intelligence that involves â€Å"the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminateRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership The correlation between emotional intelligence (EI) and leadership skills is gaining interest among scholars and business leaders. These professionals are interested in determining how understanding and managing emotions of the self and others affects leadership skills. Moreover, scientists and business professionals are interested in understanding the elements of emotional intelligence. To this end, the concept of emotional intelligence integratesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Personal Intelligence1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthe task to explain emotional intelligence, and give two (2) example of the concept. Second, to examine, the concept of â€Å"emotional quotient† compared to traditional â€Å"intelligence quotient.† Third to suggest two to three (2-3) reasons why leaders’ need emotional intelligence to manage today’s workforce, as well as to speculate on at least two (2) possible consequences should a leader not possess emotional intelligen ce. Fourth, to explore the elements of emotional intelligence that leaders must be

Australian Is Mandated To Withdraw Benefits-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Is Mandated To Withdraw Benefits? Answer: Introduction The government of Australian is mandated to withdraw any benefits to the members of a family should it be to the consent of the government that the family does not vaccinate its children against any infectious diseases that may be deemed harmful to the children. This is done to ensure the citizens of the country are protected against diseases. The aim of this report is to communicate to the families of the importance of vaccination and how it works. The immune system The human immune system is made up of numerous cells which depend on each other in ensuring a collective responsibility in protecting the body against infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or from the growth of any tumor cells. These cells are specialized and perform specific functions or roles in achieving the immunity of the human body. While some cells consume bacteria, others destroy parasites or tumor causing cells and still other kill the cells which are infected by any forms of viruses(Q. Ashton Acton 2013, p. 239). In order to effectively perform their roles, the cell relies on the T helper which activates signals in the form of either lymphokines or cytokines or even more categorically interleukins in secretion forms. The immune system is made of organs which interact with various types of cells which lead to a self-sustaining immune management. The organs of the immune system include; Thymus whose role is to release mature T cells. Prothymocytes which are premature T cells migrate into the thymus from the bone marrow and mature in the process of thymic education. During this process, T cells found to be of benefit to the immune system are retained while the autoimmune ones are eliminated Bone barrow which is the source of all the cells found in the immune system(Tenney 2014, p. 369). The cells are formed through the process of hematopoiesis in which there is differentiation of cells which are derived from the stem of the bone marrow into mature immune system cells. Among the cells produced by the immune system include natural killer cells, premature thymocytes, and granulocytes besides the red blood cells and platelets. Lymph Nodes which are the filter of the lymphatic fluid. They are mainly composed of T cells, dendritic cells B cells and macrophages. It is at the lymph nodes that antigens are filtered out together with lymph fluid before the fluid flows back into the system. Spleen is made up of B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, red blood cells, macrophages and T cells and serves an immunologic filter of the blood(Q. Ashton Acton 2013, p. 486). The dendritic cells and the macrophages are responsible for bringing antigens into the spleen through the bloodstream. Among the cells of the immune system include; Natural killer cells, abbreviated as NK cells and function to kill certain growths and tumors directly. Such tumors include lymphomas, melanomas and other cells infected by viruses. NK cells kill their target without a prior presence in the lymphoid organs. The effectiveness of the NK cells is increased upon stimulation by secretions from CD4+ T cells. T cells are divided into two phenotypically different groups; CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells mainly potentiate the responses of the immune system through the secretion of specialized factors responsible for the activation of white blood cells to fight infections. CD8+ T cells are vital in directing the killing of parasites, viral-infected cells, and tumor cells(Parham 2014, p. 187). Granulocytes are a collection of leukocytes and are made of three different types of cells basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils determined by their staining features with specific dyes. Granulocytes are important in the elimination of parasites and bacteria from the body by engulfing these antigens and destroying them by the use of the strong enzymes. Dendritic cells trace their origin from the bone marrow. Dendritic cells serve as cells that present antigens hence antigen presenting cells(Sompayrac 2011, p. 325). These cells are believed to be trapping antigens and bringing them to the lymphoid organs in which immune responses are initiated. Vaccination Vaccination is the process of administering an antigen in order to activate the immune system of an individual so as to develop an adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines usually ameliorate or prevent the attack of the body by infectious diseases and it serves as the most effective and abundantly used method in the prevention of infectious diseases(Bertolli 2014, p. 568). Vaccines serve to prepare the body in readiness to repel a disease without necessarily exposing the body to any disease symptoms. Some infectious diseases are too powerful for the immune system and are therefore able to kill an individual. This is where vaccines help by supplementing the immune system. There are various types of vaccines including; Live, attenuated vaccines which are composed of a live microbe that has been weakened so that it is not able to cause diseases. These vaccines are treated to be the closest to natural infection since they are alive(Sompayrac 2011, p. 896). The limitations of these vaccines include the required refrigeration to remain potent and that being living organisms they may mutate or change hence can turn to be a cause of infection. Subunit vaccines which are made up of just the antigen as a stimulant of the immune system. Subunit vaccines at times use epitopes and due to the absence of complex molecules of the microbes, these vaccines reduce the chances of any complicated reactions with the body. Conjugate vaccines are made by linking toxoids or antigens from a microbe to polysaccharides that can be recognized by the immune system of an infant(Tenney 2014, p. 569). Through this linkage, the immature immune system of the infant is made more defensive through the coatings of the polysaccharide. Toxoid vaccines are used when the main cause of illness is bacteria as they inactivate toxins from these bacteria by treating them using formalin. Vaccines are very effective and have produced immunity of between 90-100% among children. All vaccines are normally tested and approved before they can be used on human beings. This ensures that all vaccines that are licensed meet the medical required standards of safety and efficacy of use(Miller 2015, p. 254). It is for this reason that there is need to vaccinate children so as to help them build their immunity. As a result of their weak immunity, they are susceptible infections by various diseases which would otherwise be prevented by vaccination. Importance of Lifestyle Lifestyle refers to the style in which one has opted to live hence the approach and finesse that one gives his life. It is important to have a properly balanced lifestyle as it enables an individual to live in the present as well as enjoy the different components of his life. With a balanced lifestyle, it becomes very easy to maintain an overall balance of life. In order to establish a balanced lifestyle, one needs to know the different elements that compose his life and thereby strike a balance between those elements. Conclusion In this light, the government reserves the right to ensure all the children in a country undergo any type of immunization that has been proved by the healthcare sector to be necessary for the infants(Bertolli 2014, p. 410). The role of a government is to ensure the safety and well-being of its citizens and this it can achieve by ensuring the young and infant population of the country is adequately protected against infectious diseases. References Bertolli, JM 2014, A case-control study of the effectiveness of BCG vaccine for preventing clinical leprosy in Yangon, Myanmar, 3rd edn, UCLA, New York. Miller, NZ 2015, Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective?, 7th edn, New Atlantean Press, management. Parham, P 2014, The Immune System, Fourth Edition, 3rd edn, Garland Science, New York. Ashton Acton, P 2013, Advances in Communicable Disease Control Research and Application: 2013 Edition, 5th edn, ScholarlyEditions, New York. Schindler, LW 2014, Understanding the Immune System, 5th edn, Understanding the Immune System, London. Sompayrac, LM 2011, How the Immune System Works, 4th edn, John Wiley Sons, New York. Tenney, L 2014, Lydia Woods Schindler, Woodland Publishing, London.

Management and Business Measurement Process free essay sample

Darien Walker’s approach to audit Mercedes Benz U. S. International (MBUSI) exemplifies the business measurement process method. Walker begins with a strategic analysis of her client by conducting research on the SUV market and MBUSI’s business and strategic objectives. Some important external forces in the industry include economic factors such as international oil prices, employment rate, interest rates, and inflation. Though faced with taxation and tariff complications, MBUSI enjoys a strong relationship with the state of Alabama government. The merger with Chrysler Corporation, on the other hand, poses several risks. Unionization and additional disclosures under GAAP reporting may significantly impact on the company’s operations. The elevation of competition in the SUV segment may also lead to decreased market shares of the M-Class, however, high product quality and customer satisfaction would ensure the M-Class a niche within the market. Assembly and supply chain management are MBUSI’s core business processes, and a number of controls have been placed throughout these processes to ensure operational effectiveness and efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Business Measurement Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MBUSI excels in its assembly line management through collaboration with workers and suppliers, as well as establishing and monitoring of key controls. The company also enjoys a superb supply chain, mainly due to its close, integrated relationships with its suppliers. In addition, resource management processes, such as procurement and information management, are also crucial to the success of the company. From Walker’s risk-based strategic systems approach to audit MBUSI, there are two key takeaways. First, Walker’s comprehensive strategic analysis on MBUSI demonstrates that auditors must conduct extensive research about the client’s business and the environment of which it operates in. The BMP audit approach would not otherwise work if auditors fail to become familiarizedwith the business entity. An example to demonstrate this point is the fall of Enron. Due to the gas industry’s complex business nature, Enron’s financial statements tend to be vague and confusing. By further obscuring its financial statements, Enron fools its auditors through easy manipulations. In hindsight, however, if the external auditors understood Enron’s business structure and industry, they would have detected the misstatements in financial results. Finally,from MBUSI’s perspective, it is notable that the companys integrative relationships with the employees, suppliers, and the state of Alabama government are the keys to success. MBUSI’s active engagement with these key players allows the company to leverage these relationships through its business processes to deliver â€Å"Mercedes-Benz quality† to its customers. Another company that successfully leveraged its relationships with internal and external parties is Starbucks Inc.

Can You Take the SAT After High School Expert Guide

Can You Take the SAT After High School Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While people associate the SAT with high school students, there are several reasons someone may need or want to take the SAT after high school. But can you take the SAT after high school?Absolutely!I took the SAT this past year as an adult and will be taking it again this May. In this guide, I’ll cover the reasons you may want to take the SAT as an adult, how to register, how testing is different as an adult, and more advice. Why Might You Want to Take the SAT as an Adult? Taking the SAT is time-consuming and requires preparation. You shouldn’t put yourself through it if you don’t have to. However, there are three good reasons you may need to take the SAT after high school. #1: Applying to College Did you take a few years off after high school before applying to college and never take the SAT?If so, you will likely need to take the SAT or ACT for your college applications.Did you take a few years off after high school before applying to college, but you took the SAT during high school?If you took the SAT during high school, you might not need to retake it. Your SAT scores are stored indefinitely by the College Board.However, some colleges require an SAT score from the last 3-5 years.Make sure to check each college’s application requirements (I’ll dive into how to locate this later). Also, even if you did take the SAT during high school, you may want to re-take it to improve your score.To give yourself the best chance of admission, you should try to get your SAT score at or above the 75th percentile SAT score of admitted students.I’ll touch on this in the advice section, but I highly recommend you read our guide to finding your target score for more information about this. Not all colleges require you to send a test score.Some schools allow exceptions for those who never took the SAT in high school or for whom taking the SAT now would be excessively difficult.For example, if you are in the army and deployed abroad, you may be permitted to forgo taking the SAT.Some schools are test-optional or test-blind, so they do not require you to send SAT scores.If you’re only applying to test-optional or test-blind schools, then you do not need to take the SAT. Make sure to check out the admissions website for each of your target colleges to find out their application requirements.You should be able to find the admissions website by doing a Google search for â€Å"[College Name] admissions website.†On their admissions website, most colleges list the application requirements (and whether they require an SAT test).If you’re unable to find this information on their website, you should send an email or call the admissions office. #2: Applying to Transfer Colleges If you’re applying to transfer colleges either from a community college or 4-year university to a 4-year university, you may need to submit an SAT or ACT score with your application.If you are applying to transfer after spending only six months to a year at a college or community college, you'll likely need to submit an SAT or ACT score with your application.If you took the SAT or ACT during high school, you likely could use that score. However, you may want to re-test to improve your score to improve your chances of admission.You want your SAT score to be at or above the 75th percentile SAT score of admitted students to have the best chance of being admitted.I’ll talk about this more in the advice section, but I suggest you read our article about how to find your target score for more advice. As I said in the applying to college section above, you will not need to submit an SAT or ACT score if you’re only applying to test-optional or test-blind schools. Check the admissions website for each of the schools that you’re applying to to find out their application requirements.You can find the admissions website by doing a Google search for â€Å"[College Name] admissions website.†On their admissions website, most colleges list their application requirements including whether they require an SAT test.If you’re unable to find this information on their website, you should send an email or call the admissions office. #3: Applying for a Job or Scholarship Occasionally job applications require you to submit an SAT score, especially if you are trying to work in the education world.Additionally, some scholarships require you to score within a certain range.If you took the test in high school, you could submit those scores, but if you didn’t or if you need to improve your score to qualify, you’ll have to take the test now as an adult. Make sure that for your job or scholarship you adhere to their requirements.Some may ask for a high school SAT score and may not consider a new score.Know the requirements, and if you’re unsure, call or email to clarify. Logistics of Taking the SAT After High School Now that we know the reasons you may want to take the SAT post high school, I’ll guide you through the steps ofhow to take the SAT after high school. How to Register as a High School Graduate You can register on the College Board’s website or by mail.Registering will involve entering your personal information, submitting a photo or yourself, paying the registration fee, etc. Registering for the SAT can be slightly morechallengingas an adult since theprocess is geared towards high school students. However, it's not too difficult: there are only some minor inconveniences. The College Boardasks for parent information, but you can leave thatblank. Also, it asks for your high school, but there is an option to say"I am not in high school." Otherwise, answer the rest of the questions to the best of your ability. Check out our full guide to registering for step-by-step assistance with the SAT registration process. Where to Takethe SAT After High School You’ll be taking the test at an SAT test center with high school students.Test centers are typically high schools but are sometimes located on community college campuses, college campuses, and other locations.No matter your location, you’ll be testing with high school students. During your registration process, you’ll select your test center location.You’ll be able to search for one close to you.NOTE: the earlier you register, the more likely you’ll be able to test near your home. Closer to the registration deadline, test centers fill up, and you might end up testing farther from your home.Sign up early! How Testing As an Adult Is Different The biggest difference is the requirements for your personal identification and the difficulty of getting on the test waitlist.However, these requirements only apply to test-takers 21 and over.If you’re under 21, you can skip this section as it does not apply. If you're 21 or older, you cannot use a student ID for admission on test day.You are required to bring an official, government-issued identification, such as a driver's license or passport. Additionally, if you’re 21 or older, you can’t be placed on an SAT testing waitlist.The College Board simply doesn’t allow it.Heed my earlier advice and sign up early (or at least on time), so you avoid this issue. SAT testing is also a little different now from what you may remember.The College Board created a newly redesigned 2016 SAT (the first test was in March 2016).I highly recommend you read our other article which summarizes all the changes.I’ll provide a very brief summary of the changes. The test is now graded from 400-1600 (instead of 800-2400).The essay is now optional (though it is required by most colleges).The Reading and Writing have been combined into one section score. Sentence-completion questions have been eliminated; all questions are passage-based.The Math section has changed the content slightly: less focus on geometry, more focus on algebra, and added trigonometry and imaginary number questions. Also, there is now a math section that doesn’t allow a calculator, so you have to do mental math. The test may not be what you remember if you took it in high school. In addition, taking the SAT as an adult can be awkward. I took the SAT last year at age 23;it was definitely weird at first. When you show up to check in among high school students, you'll feel the strangeness. Once Igot over the initial weirdness, I feltconfident.In high school, I was so nervous to take theSAT because I felt there was so much pressure riding on the test. As an adult, you realize that one test will not define you. I was able to relax more and do better on the test due to my newfound confidence. I hope you feel the same when you sit for the SAT! Ready set study for the SAT! Advice for Taking the SAT as an Adult Don’t underestimate the SAT.Yes, it tests high school content, but that doesn’t necessarily mean it will be easy for you.In fact, there are probably some high school fundamental topics that you’ve forgotten or are a little rusty on.If you haven’t studied Math since high school, you might have forgotten the trigonometry formulas or the rules of absolute value.Even though you might be well beyond high school, you still need to prepare for the SAT. 3 Tips for Studying for the SAT as an Adult Take your test preparation seriously. Dedicate time to it. Tip #1: Learn the SAT Format Take as many SAT practice tests as you can. Take the tests under realistic testing conditions while keeping accurate time.Check out our strategy guides. You’ll find the SAT wants you to think pretty literally on the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section.Most answers are pulled directly from the text without interpretation.However, the Math section requires you to be more creative in your application of math.You’ll need to apply basic math in new and unique ways. Tip #2: Refresh Yourself on Forgotten/Rusty Topics As I mentioned, you may have forgotten or gotten rusty in some areas.You need to refresh yourself on these content areas in order to succeed on the SAT.We’ve got complete guides for nearly every tested area on the SAT.Read our guides to refresh yourself. Tip #3: Plan Your Prep and Testing Based on Your Needs One of the hardest parts of taking the SAT as an adult is juggling work, family, friends, etc. while trying to dedicate time to studying.However, you need to prepare to reach your target score. I’d recommend you start studying far in advance (3-6 months in advance).Check your calendar and pick an SAT test date that will give you enough time to prepare.If you don’t have that luxury and need to take the test in the next month, check out our guide to cramming for the SAT. What’s Next? Applying to college for the first time? Find outhow many colleges you should apply to and find out how to pick your target school. Transferring colleges? Check out our complete guide to transferring successfully. Need help paying for college?Read our scholarship and financial aid guides. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland Ray and Faye Copeland lust for killing came with their retirement years. Why this couple, both in their 70s, went from being loving grandparents to serial killers, who used the clothing of their victims to make winter quilts to snuggle under, is both morbid and perplexing. Here is their story. Ray Copeland Born in Oklahoma in 1914, Ray Copelands family never spent much time in the same place. When he was a child, his family was constantly moving, on the hunt for employment. The situation worsened during the Depression, and Copeland dropped out of school and began scrounging for money. Not satisfied with earning meager wages, he got involved in scamming people out of property and money. In 1939 Copeland was found guilty of stealing livestock and check forgery. He was sentenced to a year in jail. Faye Wilson Copeland Copeland met Faye Wilson not long after he was released from jail in 1940. They had a brief courtship, then married and began having children one after another. With several additional mouths to feed, Copeland quickly returned to stealing from  livestock ranchers. While this may have been his chosen profession, he wasnt very good at it.   He was constantly getting arrested and did several stints in jail. His scam was not very slick. He would buy cattle at auctions, write fraudulent checks, sell the cattle and try to leave town before the auctioneers were informed that the checks were bad. If he failed to leave town in time, he would promise to make the checks good, but never follow through, In time, he was banned from buying and selling livestock. He needed a scam that would allow him to operate despite the ban, one that he could profit from, and that the police could not trace back to him. It took him 40 years to think one up. Copeland began hiring vagrants and drifters to work on his farm. He set up checking accounts for them, then sent them to buy livestock with bad checks from their accounts. Copeland then sold the livestock and the drifters would be fired and sent on their way. This kept the police off his back for awhile, but in time he was caught and returned to jail. When he got out, he went back to the same scam, but this time he made sure the hired help would never be caught, or even heard from again. The Copeland Investigation In October 1989, Missouri police received a tip that a human skull and bones could be found on farmland owned by an elderly couple, Ray and Faye Copeland. Ray Copelands last known stint with the law involved a livestock scam, so as police questioned Ray inside his farmhouse about the scam, authorities searched the property. It did not take them long to find five decomposing bodies buried in shallow graves around the farm. The autopsy report determined that each man had been shot in the back of the head at close range. A register, with names of the transient farmhands who had worked for the Copelands, helped police identify the bodies. Twelve of the names, including the five victims found, had a crude X in Fayes handwriting, marked next to  each name. More Disturbing Evidence Authorities found a .22-calibre Marlin bolt-action rifle inside the Copeland home, which ballistics tests proved to be the same weapon as the one used in the murders. The most disturbing piece of evidence, besides the scattered bones and rifle, was a handmade quilt Faye Copeland made out of the dead victims clothing. The Copelands were quickly charged with five murders, identified as Paul Jason Cowart, John W Freeman, Jimmie Dale Harvey, Wayne Warner and Dennis Murphy. Faye Insisted Knowing Nothing About Murders Faye Copeland claimed to know nothing about the murders  and stuck to her story even after being offered a deal to change her murder charges to conspiracy to commit murder in exchange for information about the remaining seven missing men listed in her register. Although a conspiracy charge would have meant her spending less than a year in prison, compared to the possibility of receiving the death sentence, Faye continued to insist she knew nothing about the murders. Ray Attempts an Insanity Plea Ray first tried to plead insanity, but eventually gave up and tried to work out a plea agreement with prosecutors. The authorities were not willing to go along and the first-degree murder charges remained intact. During Faye Copelands trial, her attorney tried to prove that Faye was another one of Rays victims and that she suffered from Battered Women Syndrome. There was little doubt that Faye had indeed been a battered wife, but that not was enough for the jury to excuse her cold murderous actions. The jury found Faye Copeland guilty of murder and she was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Soon after, Ray was also found guilty and sentenced to death. The Oldest Couple Sentenced to Death The Copelands made their mark in history for being the oldest couple to be sentenced to death, however, neither were executed. Ray died in 1993 on death row. Fayes sentence was commuted to life in prison. In 2002 Faye was compassionate release from prison because of her declining health and she died in a nursing home in December 2003, at age 83. Source The Copeland Killings by T. Miller

Importance of music in the film Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Importance of music in the film - Research Paper Example This "Importance of music in the film" essay, outlines purposes of the usage of music in movie industrie. The integration of music in the film industry has a long history that dates back to the early 20th century, the same time when the digital technology was evolving in this field. The first form of film with music was the Al Jolson which was launched in the 1927, a film that hit across the world for its presumed appeal. This formed a new opening that many film makers saw as an invention of the art, and an opening to a new era of â€Å"talkie† movies. In 1930, the filmmakers had already started to use movies as the preludes of their movie to set the atmosphere of the movie. This quick adoption of the use of music in the industry can be attributed to the appeal that the music was already earning from the public. By 1942, music was becoming an avoidable ingredient in the films with more pronounced songs with a wide range of themes. One of the movies in this time was the Casabla nca movie by Max Steiner that includes the French and German National anthems to bring out the spirit of nationality within the theme. As the music found its way into the films, more people found their way to the theatre as music was already becoming an attractive element in the movie industry. Patterson (2013) points to a number of special requirements that demanded for the inclusion of music from different genres in the film industry. The post war films allured to patriotism by including patriotic songs in the films.... As the music found its way into the films, more people found their way to the theatre as music was already becoming an attractive element in the movie industry. Patterson (2013) points to a number of special requirements that demanded for the inclusion of music from different genres in the film industry. For instance, the post war films such as the â€Å"The Dam Busters† which was launched by Eric Coates allured to patriotism by including patriotic songs in the films. In some other movies, the films were based on the music, which was achieved by creating pictures after the music. A good example is Disney’s Fantasias that was created in this manner. In the 1970s, more people were able to match the music genre with themes that they wanted to convey in the film. For instance, John Carpenter used a repetitive song in his movie ‘the Halloween’ which is highly regarded for its effective matching of music with the theme of the film. Patterson regards this as the p eriod in which music was inspired by the movie, a time when music and film were inseparable. Today, film scoring has featured into the optimization of human minds and the music industry and film industry have converged to optimize their productions. In this era, music is used to create more than just the theme but also to be part of entertainment, the film story line and to draw the emotions of the public into the theme of the film (Paterson, 2013: Scaruffi, 2005). With the evolution of technology, more film makers have an option to make more tracks recording to form both parts of the movie as well as the background sounds. In this time, critics have also risen up to condemn the inclusion of more than necessary music in the film

Assembly operation Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assembly operation Assessment - Assignment Example Further, it is imperative to note that in the contemporary business marketplace, new opportunities keep unveiling and new managers, equipped with different ideas, take over organizations that are also on the learning path. Therefore, the sufficient alignment of the organizational operations and managerial capabilities with the emerging forces seems to be the only way for organizations to optimize value from their operational endeavors. This paper seeks to assess the assembly operations of a digital camera company in light of its operational excellence and performance. Further, the paper will suggest necessary corrective actions in a bid to revise and properly align strategic goals towards the overall aims of the organization. As a conventional rule, the assembly operational capability of any firm in the digital camera industry should first and foremost conform to the rating requirements of the regulatory authority within the industry. Further, the company should also seek to strategi cally place itself in a better competitive quarter in relation to the production and assembly costs, quality of the cameras and the overall satisfaction of the ever changing customer needs. Organizations must further seek to provide responsive products and services that aim to fit in the changing consumption trends but which are also enabling the clients to optimize value of their expenditure. Thompson et al (2009), observes that in addition to executing strategic goals that aim to address all the competitive factors affecting the organizational market share, companies in the digital camera industry must be ready to assess their strategic options and make appropriate changes and corrections where necessary so as to sustain growth and development while satisfying the increasing demands of the customers (Thompson et al, 2009). From the assessment templates, it is evident that if the company continues with the current strategic policies without amendments, the overall cumulative unit v olume of cameras that it will assemble in the tenth year will be significantly below the desired quantity. This is in reference to the previous and current assembly capabilities. This is because the company is only able to produce cumulative unit volume of 1024 at the end of the fifth year, while the previous highest achieved volume is 917. However, the gap between the highest previously achieved and the cumulative unit volumes reduce significantly in the six year as is between 1045 and 1024. Further, the difference spreads to the negative in the projected year 10, when the company produces less than the highest achieved in the previous years. The trend is also evident from the results of the unit assembly that the company does entirely on in-house basis. The units increase to 1024 in the year 6 up from 917 in the year 5. However, the increase is not commensurate between the years 6 and 10 respectively and the company must assess the reasons behind the marginal decrease and implemen t mitigating operational approaches to help save the situation (Thompson et al, 2009). Moreover, the significant reduction in the number of overtime

Three Men in a Boat-Summary Essay Example for Free

Three Men in a Boat-Summary Essay Jerome K. Jerome is a famous and outstanding novelist, essayist, humourist and playwright in the English literature. His literary heritage includes hundreds of brilliant works impressing readers during a century. The works of Jerome K. Jerome reflect not only his epoch, but his inner world, background, life experience, socio-political views, etc. The novel â€Å"Three men in a boat†, written in 1889, is constructed in a specific way helps to create a message of the story. This structural and stylistic device reveals a variety of interpretations as to the meaning of the action in the novel. The main characters of the story are three friends who decided to have a rest and planed a trip down the Thames. â€Å"There were four of us–George, and William Samuel Harris, and myself, and Montmorency†. The author depicts the world of countryside throughout the story, which is unchangeable, and even static. Calm and leisurely are main characteristics of that world. The novel depicts nature and discusses how beautiful it is. Nature, and the theme of river in particular, is used as a symbol to describe deep personal feelings and life experience of a human. The author gives only some hints to the reader to comprehend the meaning of the novel, and under â€Å"river† and â€Å"boat† Jerome K. Jerome means our life with non-trodden paths, which we have to carve. â€Å"To those who do contemplate making Oxford their starting-place, I would say, take your own boat – unless, of course, you can take someone else’s without any possible danger of being found out. The boats that, as a rule, are let for hire on the Thames above Marlow, are very good boats†. Nature serves as a symbol that represents dilemma and the knowledge retrieval, the desire to find old truth. The theme of water was always one of the topical one. Human’s life flows like a river, it is comparable with the rain or snow weather. Water represents life cycle of nature in comparison to the human’s life. A glorious scene of nature grasps the readers’ imagination, and beauty depicted and enhanced by the author’s rendering of delicate expressions that come together to form a beautiful composition of nature at it’s best: †From the dim woods on either bank, Night’s ghostly army, the grey shadows, creep out with noiseless tread to chase away the lingering rearguard of the light, and pass, with noiseless, unseen feet, above the waving river-grass, and through the sighing rushes†. Critics find that the story has a sign of a â€Å"complex, multifaceted mind†, but they have hesitated to diminish his achievement by â€Å"inscribing it within a single master narrative†. It is a familiar theme, but few versions can rival the story, the vividly assured characterisation and the sharp division between comedy and satire, in which he lays bare the moral dilemma between â€Å"a callous story and a deed†. On the other hand, the suddenness and the strength of productive Jerome K. Jerome years still excites scholarly interest, the focus has shifted from questions related to motive and origin to those concerned with style and practice. This situation illustrates the moral values taken place in city.

Essay --

Professional Women and Work Related-Stress There are different kinds of diseases in the world. One type of disease does not require medicine because there is no cure for it. As a matter of fact, millions of Americans have this disease and are not aware of it. It is a silent killer; it is called stress. According to The American Heritage Dictionary, stress is defined as the ‘internal distribution of force per unit of area within a body subject to an applied force or system or forces. It is a condition that is described as extreme difficulty, pressure or strain.’Generally speaking, another source titled â€Å"Leaders’ Daily Work Demands, Recovery, and Leadership Behaviors†defines stress this way: ‘a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being.’ Stress is everywhere and there are many types of stress including work stress and work demands. This is an understanding of w hat stress is, the cause of stress and how it can be managed. Some professional women have a lot of work related-stress on their jobs. To start off, I would like to share some facts about stress. The American Institute of Stress states the idea of that Stress was introduced around 1936 by Hans Selye. He had conducted experiments on animals to determine how stress affected them. The results were that stress causes these animals to develop diseases such as heart attacks, stroke and kidney disease. However, there has been confusion about stress because of the correct definition of it. Despite the way people look at stress, it is defined as a physical, mental, and emotional strain and is a condition when a person has experience demands that exceed the per... ...e are some different types of stressors in our jobs such as co-workers and job demands. The co-worker concept could also play a part of their lives because we are living in a world with different personalities. There are some co-workers who are nice, while some are not so nice. What I learn about that is to understand that you are not the problem. Another words, your co-worker could be experiencing some difficult times in his/her life and they don’t know how to deal with them other then make the ones closet to them have a bad time at work. My thinking is this: the best thing to deal with it is to talk to a co-worker along with the boss to take care of that situation. Another thing is choices: which is what can cause stress. It’s safe to say that we choose occupations that we have no interest in. Therefore, we can be responsible for causing stress in our lives.

Folly as the Narrator in Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly

â€Å"The Praise of Folly† Desiderius Erasmus In Erasmus' work â€Å"The Praise of Folly†, the narrator delivers a speech praising Folly with the following: â€Å"And to whom is it generally agreed life owes its beginning if not to me? For it certainly isn't the spear of ? mighty-fathered' Pallas or the shield of ? cloud-gathering' Jupiter which fathers and propagates the human race,†1[2496]. Here the narrator, who is Folly herself, tries to put herself above everyone else, even the Gods on Olympus. She says that she is the beginning of all life, and that she should be the most regarded person, while in reality, this is all a bunch of ‘folly'. She ridicules the Gods and strips them of their powers. She tries to convince the reader that they can never have â€Å"Self-Love† without the presence of her. In Folly's eyes, she proves these items as being virtues and not defects. Folly leads the reader into believing that all foolishness is, in fact, wisdom. While Folly continues her deception, she also criticizes the philosophy of Christian church. She sees the happiness of Christians as a type of folly. Paraphrasing Folly, the philosophy is ‘as long as the mind makes proper use of the organs of the body, it is called sane and healthy. But once it begins to break its bonds and tries to win freedom, men call it insane. ‘ Even so, according to Folly, this type of person shows a knowledge they had never previously learned, and giving clear indication of something divine. Knowledge, power and position don't, and can't, get you true happiness. It is only with a little ‘madness' that a person can truly be free and live an enjoyable life.

Project Shakti Essay

The project was started to explore the business opportunity of the rural market, where the competition will be less than the urban market. The first challenge faced by the Shakti was the low margin to its entrepreneurs and lack of owner ship. Its initial plan was, federations purchase products from HLL and then sell them to SHGs and then to outlets in village. In this model no one took responsibility. This challenge was overcome by changing the business model as follows: A member of the SHG appointed as entrepreneur, who borrow money from respective SHG and buy products directly from HLL. By this model responsibility is only for entrepreneur and no need to share profit as well. HLLs pilot model was with women because they are the bulk consumer for the HLL products and they have access to home of potential consumers. Easy part of the project was the selection of the entrepreneurs. Problem starts once the stock started piling up, which was almost equal to their annual income. To add on to this, loan repayment schedule was also started which was threaten the feasibility of the project. These entrepreneurs did not have any previous experience in undertaking independent economic activity added up failure of this task. HLL had overcome this with following initiatives: 1. They had introduced RSP, to control stock. To reduce the cost they hired the trainers to train entrepreneurs and outsourced the administration to third party 2. Offered incentive for visiting specific number of homes and offered additional incentive for selling specific brands 3. Negotiated with bank to get more time to start initial payment. To scale up the project, implementation team has to undergo following tasks: 1. Arrange government permissions and secure the support of the district administration 2. Identify and seal partnerships with NGOs well established in the region 3. Interact with mainstream HLL sales to identify market for PS 4. Locate SHG and convince them that the project shakti was a reliable, sustainable source of income for their members 5. Appoint a right women as entrepreneurs 6. Ensure a steady supply of products In many placed HLL was not able get support from government, presuming that these attempts are an explosive attempt of a large multinational. This was overcome by the appointing MART and helped them to expand to 50405 villages across 310 districts in 12 states. To scale up they have addressed the requirement of the small income group by introducing low price packs Introduced Vani programme to educate personals and communities on their health and hygiene. Next challenge faced was to change the focus of the buyers from local retailers to Shakti entrepreneur. It has been overcome by doing the following: 1. Personalized service 2. Door step delivery 3. Assurance of quality 4. Credit to regular patrons 5. Creating a network for sale and passing a percentage of the profit to them as well

The Greatest essays

The Greatest essays Muhammad Ali is one of the best, if not the best, boxers of all time. He was an influential leader not only inside the ring, but throughout the world. His overwhelming confidence captured millions, bringing the sport of boxing the publicity it has always deserved. Though many criticized his brash comments, he became a role model of children across the nation. He frequently gave speeches in schools and ghettos throughout America. He managed to succeed in a world that was run by whites. Born January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay, Jr., displayed fighting skills early in his life when he punched his mother after she spanked him for misbehavior. It was not until he turned 12, however, that he became interested in boxing. He had just received a new, red bicycle for his birthday, so he and a friend rode bikes to the fair. While he was milling around, someone stole his bike. He searched for his bike for hours, but it was to no avail. When he started asking people on his block if they had seen it, someone suggested he go ask Joe Martin, a policeman and owner of a boxing gym. Cassius was awestruck the moment he walked into the gym. Joe gave him an application and Cassius joined the gym the following day. Though he had not found his bike, he did find his future. Cassius trained constantly. He worked out after school every day, and he trained with Fred Stoner after supper from eight until midnight. Finally, his hard work was starting to pay off. In 1956 he won the Kentucky Golden Gloves tournament. Then, in 1958, he won the Louisville Golden Gloves light-heavyweight crown. He went on to win the National Golden Gloves light-heavyweight title in Chicago. Cassius really showed his skills in 1960 by winning the Golden Gloves title in Madison Square Garden as well as the Tournament of Champions in Chicago. Throughout his amateur career, Cassius had fought in 130 fights and won all but sev ...

How to Search and Find the Lines From Poems Online

How to Search and Find the Lines From Poems Online Whether a lover of poetry cant get a specific line out of their head or simply can’t remember the whole poem theyre thinking of, finding the text of a poem can be easy and quick. Sometimes, finding the right line or words is especially important, like when preparing for sentimental or milestone events, like a memorial service or wedding. Dont know where to start to find your favorite poems? 10 Steps to Find the Words From Poems Online In less than 20 minutes, poetry seekers can likely locate the text of any poem they are thinking of. Gather information. First, it is important for seekers to gather everything specific they know about the poem by either taking a mental note or writing it on paper. This information may include bits and pieces, like the poet’s name, exact title (or words they are sure are in the title), phrases or entire lines from the poem, and unique or unusual words contained in the poem.Find a reputable website. Chances are, just putting the line fragment that you remember into a search engine will come up with several possibilities, but if you want to be able to identify the right words, you should seek a reputable source. The Poetry Foundation is a good place to start; if you know the poets name look for websites that are dedicated to them.Use the websites search bar. If the site you found that contains the poet’s works has a search function, poetry seekers can try using it to find the title, title words, phrase or line they remember by simply typing in this information.Visit the website. When the search bar fails, poetry seekers may go to the site’s page, which is most likely to contain what they remember about the poem. For example, if you only remember phrases or lines from the body of the poem, visiting the table of contents might be of great assistance. Activate the browser search function. If you find a page with poems on it, Use â€Å"Control-F† to activate the browser’s search function. Typing in the exact word or phrase will allow seekers to see if the poem is contained on that page. Repeat this step on other likely pages for best results.Go to a text archive. When youve forgotten the name of the poet, but remember that the poem is a classic, a text archive can help. Specifically, seekers can  go to major poetry text archives, which have internal search capabilities. Searches like â€Å"Classic Poetry Text Archives† will bring this up quickly. It is important for seekers to  follow search instructions in this step, as  each archive site will have specific steps to take when using the search bar.Google it. If all else fails, poetry seekers can choose a search engine that will allow them to search for web pages containing an entire phrase in order. Search engines like  Google, Yahoo, and Bing! can be o f assistance. This is a particularly good option when poetry seekers have  no idea who the poet  is but are sure of the title or a specific phrase. Even just a few unique words from the poem can help: and if you find it on a site you dont trust, you may find more to inform your search, like the name of the poet. Put phrases in quotation marks. In the search box, seekers can type the specifics they remember by enclosing whole phrases in quotation marks. For instance, â€Å"fog comes† â€Å"cat feet† will locate Carl Sandburg’s poem containing the line, â€Å"The fog comes / on little cat feet.†Modify the search. Depending on the results, varying the search could be helpful. This may include adding specific words or phrases when the search generates too many pages and eliminating the words or phrases that do not result in enough pages.Reach out to fans. Ask well-read poets and poetry fans from various communities and forums about the poem. For example, seekers can post a description of the poem they are looking for. Even if specific lines are forgotten, the experts may be able to help find it. Tips for Online Poetry Searches If search engine results include  topical pages about keywords, for instance, cats or weather  in the case of the Sandburg poem above but no poems, seekers can try adding words like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"poem† or â€Å"poetry† to search words. When seekers have searched for the whole line in quotes and get nothing back, they may have misremembered the line. For instance, â€Å"fog comes in on little cat’s feet† locates two pages in which Sandburg’s poem is misquoted, but not the poem itself. Seekers can try different forms of the words they remember when they are uncertain. For instance, â€Å"cat feet† â€Å"cat’s feet† â€Å"cats’ feet† can be tried in successive searches.

Adverse Possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adverse Possession - Essay Example However, adverse possession is now governed by the Land Registration Act 2002, which came into force in October 2003. The Land Registration Act 2002 reduced the statutory amount of time to qualify for adverse possession from 12 to 10 years. However, the time required for adverse possession to be proved still remains at twelve years if the person claiming adverse possession had had possession of the said piece of land for a period of more than twelve years. An analysis of the issue of adverse possession in different jurisdictions indicates that the statutory period is varied and the elements that justify adverse possession are sometimes different. For example, in France, adverse possession is only acquired if a statutory period of thirty years has elapsed, while in Spain, the period is determined by the state of the property. In the Netherlands, statutory time is based on good faith, where the squatter is granted the land after ten years wit the presence of good faith, or twenty years otherwise. As already stated, the issue of adverse possession before the Land Registration Act 2002 came into force did not give the paper owner the right to challenge the application for adverse possession by the squatter. However, with the introduction of the new act, the simple fact of adverse possession for 12 years will not imply automatic ownership for the squatter; the squatter will be entitled to apply for adverse possession after 10 years possession.After the application is made, the registered owner.

CV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CV - Essay Example Good experience of both strategic and detailed work on projects of different scales. Able to work on all of project’s stages: drafting, budgeting, creating and processing working and executive documentation, experiential and industrial exploitation). Ability to profound analysis that allows, basing on the analysis of multiple factors of the company’s activity, to forecast the possibility of different issues of organisational, technological and technical character arising in the work of IT-sphere and, consequently, to take precaution measures and implement well thought-of solutions so that to eliminate the causes for these problems. Ability to gather a team of professionals and lead it, while remaining an authority, thanks to my knowledge and competencies in different spheres and the sense of responsibility regarding the tasks set and the team. Integrity, attention, responsibility, goal-orientation, high loyalty to employer and company, stress-resistance in any situation. Easy-learner and able to adapt very well in any project or environment. Ambitious to a certain extent, while possessing a high level of professional self-esteem. Conducted the restructuring of company’s production unit; within the frame of this project methodology and processes of production and project management have been pinpointed and organised. New directions of company’s competencies have been developed, such as strategic consulting, business consulting, IT-consulting, developing and introducing business application and others. Due to this the company managed to get to the end of the last year with more than 50% growth of key figures, and has one of the most ambitious development plans on the systematic integration markets in Russia. Among the company’s loyal customers there are major industrial holdings and enterprises in Russia, organisations and

PROGRESS REPORT FOR CO-OP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words - 1

PROGRESS REPORT FOR CO-OP - Essay Example However, despite the progress that the company has been making, training employees remains its main activity in a bid to remain competitive and keep pace with rivals. When this company was under the leadership of Steve Jobs, it had adopted a distribution channel system that encompassed intermediaries who were authorized dealers. The strategy worked with excellence in most parts of the world, lately, the strategy seems not to be working as expected since competitors have changed tact, and adopted strategies that give them competitive advantages above Apple Inc. The company has been on a mission to recruit and train cashiers, public relation personnel in their different stores (Wentland, 2007), managers and other employees, so that they can help tackle the prevailing marketing and management challenges. At the same time, the company is recruiting and training ambitious young people so that they can add creativity and innovativeness that was left void when its creative genius and founder, Steve Jobs passed on. Apple Inc. offers electronics and related products, with its main area of interest being development of computer hardwares and softwares. The company has been doing this by use of creative young people who understand the current needs of the market as well as their ability to read strategies of competitors and counter them. However, in the recent past, the company has not been able to effectively tackle issues of technology development as well as marketing because the systems that have been adopted by clients have outdone its strategies in a great way. This is the main constraint that the company has been facing, something that has prompted a serious concern for training of new and dynamic workers who can turn round the fortunes of the company. The training program that has been developed is aimed at training managers on

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project Management Plan

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project Management Plan Introduction Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of September 2010, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 80 MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 60  MW), the Strasskirchen Solar Park (Germany, 54  MW), the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 53  MW), the Puertollano Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 50  MW), the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station (Portugal, 46  MW), and the Waldpolenz Solar Park (Germany, 40  MW).[1] This proposal is for setting up a 50 MW (10 MW x 5 Phases) capacity solar photovoltaic power plant based on latest High Power Modules using cells consisting of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology, which has been successfully developed for commercial implementation and has been delivering reliable power generation around the world for some years now. The solar photovoltaic power project is proposed to be set up in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India which is one of the best suited locations in terms of higher annual direct normal insolation (DNI), favourable climatic conditions and land availability Some photovoltaic power stations which are presently proposed will have a capacity of 150  MW or more. Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the suns daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations. AIM This proposal examines the techniques of project management used in development of a solar photovoltaic power plant Project. The background of the project will be described including its planning, Execution, Operation Maintenance and Financial analysis a project; critical success factors for the project implementation are identified presenting an overview of project structure, methods, risks, etc. Objectives The objectives for the project are the successful completion of solar photovoltaic power plant, on budget, on time and safely. The objectives are also to develop world class project management best practices within the solar industry. Research Methodology The PMBOK Guide states that projects are composed of two kinds of process: project management processes and product-oriented processes (which specify and create the project product). Project management processes are further divided into initiating, planning, execution, controlling and closing processes. This proposal mainly concentrates on the core processes of planning, execution and controlling. The project management process groups depicted in figure 1 are initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Initiating defines and authorizes the project or a project phase. Planning defines and refines objectives and plans the course of action required to attain the objectives and scope that the project was undertaken to address. Executing integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project. Monitoring and controlling regularly measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that corrective action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives. Closing formalizes acceptance of the product, service, or result and brings the project or a project phase to an orderly end. Figure illustrates the relative depth, breadth, and interrelationship between these process groups. Planning Planning in organizations constitutes both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a plan; and the psychological process of thinking about the activities required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan or integration of it with other plans. It combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like. The above scenario is often used to describe the formal procedures used in the creation of documents, endeavour, diagrams, meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, objectives to be met and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used. There are ten core processes: scope planning scope definition activity definition resource planning activity sequencing activity duration estimating cost estimating schedule development cost budgeting Project plan development. The output from these processes project plans makes up an input to the executing processes. A distinction is made between the project plans proper and the project performance baselines. Executing Executing consists of the process used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan. Executing Processes Project Plan Execution performing the activities Complete Tasks/Work Packages Information Distribution Scope Verification acceptance of project scope Quality Assurance evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis; meeting standards Team Development developing team and individual skill sets to enhance the project Progress Meetings Monitoring and controlling Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes which have performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken place. When necessary to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the on-going project activities. Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline. Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly. Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented This must be done in an integrated manner at regular intervals, not in a haphazard, arbitrary way. Any significant departures from the budget and the schedule must be reported immediately, because these anomalies affect the viability and the success of the entire project. This will lead to adapting the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. The project progress and changes must be documented and communicated to the team members in a consistent, reliable and appropriate manner for each level of the project team. Success criteria for project control Use the project plan as the primary guide for co-ordinating your project. Consistently monitor and update the plan. Remember that quality communication is a key to control. Monitor progress on the project against the plan on a regular basis. Get involved. Adapt the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. Document project progress and changes and communicate them to team members. What monitoring should accomplish? Communicate project status and changes to other project team members Inform management (and clients or customers) about the status of the project Provide the justification for making project adjustments Document current plans compared to the original project plan Project Performance must be measured regularly to identify the variances from the plan. Variances are fed into control processes in the various knowledge areas. To the extent the significant Variances are observed. Adjustments to the plan are made by repeating the appropriate project planning process. Project reports should be: clearly state the current status of the project compare actual achievements with the planned target achievements draw attention to critical issues identify problems and propose solutions promote effective management and control Project status reports It is not simply a matter of keeping the scope from creeping, or a matter of completing the cheapest and fastest project; it is establishing the appropriate Scope and delivering the commensurate product, service, or result. All the above processes have been iteratively revealed/implemented during the Proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant project, which was revealed below. Technology The proposed plant shall comprise High Power Modules using cells consisting of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology. Efficiency is varying from 6% 18%. Temperatures beyond 25oC have nominal effect on the efficiency of the modules. White Tempered Glass, EVA Resin and weather proof film along with Al frame is used for extended outdoor use. Lead wire with weather proof connector shall be used for output terminal. Both the technologies are standalone type which needs no external power or water source and hence is most appropriate for desert region of Rajasthan. Small amount of processed water or compressed air is required only for cleaning of the system. Indicative scope of work Electrical Supply, fitting, fixing of Solar PV Modules with appropriate module mounting structures and frames including overall planning and design of the power plant. Supply and installation of Junction boxes of appropriate standards with required protection and isolation system. Design, supply and installation of AC power conditioning units with all protections and controlling arrangement as per specifications to get the desired performance. String monitoring and MPPT features are included as per requirements. Interconnection of Solar modules, PCUs, transformers LT HT sides, LT switchgear, etc with appropriate cables and associated materials including supply of materials. Design, manufacture, supply, installation, interconnection and interfacing of computer aided data acquisition unit as per specification. Supply, installation complete earthing as required for AC and DC power system, PCU, LT switchgear, Transformer, all metallic cubicles, HT switchgear with materials as required as per relevant standards. Providing earth-mat and interconnection of array structures with earth pits in the PV array yard. Design, fabrication, supply, installation of LT power interfacing panel to evacuate power to the grid through PCUs with appropriate capacity circuit breakers, isolators, indicators, metering arrangement with selector switch, CTs, PTs, and copper bus-bars as per requirement in complete. Design, fabrication, supply and installation of plant monitoring desk to monitor the status of all major equipments through remote monitoring system including connection to all major equipments and status to be monitored. Supply of all other BOS parts e.g. cables, electrical, etc as per the Bill of Material (BOM) which is not covered above. Emergency DG Set 15 KVA with battery bank and battery charger. Metering device. Control Room and Others Electrical wiring in the inverter room, control room and array yard with supply of cables and wires, switchboards, switches, Junction Boxes, distribution boards for lights, fans, exhaust fans, power points for both 5 Amps and 15 Amps. Supply and installation of lightning arrestors for inverter room, control room as per relevant standards. Supply, fitting and fixing of CFL lighting fixtures, FL lighting fixtures, LED lighting fixtures for lighting indoor and outdoor various installations including array yard with required accessories. Providing of fire extinguisher and sand buckets complying with national or international safety standards. Civil Works for solar Systems Topographical survey Design and construction of appropriate foundation base for holding the module mounting structure with supply of all requisite materials, excavation, concreting, backfilling, shoring and shuttering, etc. Construction of power plant buildings including inverter rooms, control room as required, office, canteen, etc. Barbed wire fencing of 3m height for complete power plant and sub-station. Cable trenches, drainage, etc. Main gate, side gates and Security guard rooms. Erection and Installation of Power Evacuation Arrangement Erection, supply, installation and commissioning of fifty 0.415/33 KV step up transformers and three 33/132 KV step up transformers, 3 phase, 50 Hz, with associated switchgear comprising of circuit breakers, isolators, LT panels, CTs and PTs, etc including metering and protection like over-current, earth-fault, reverse power protection and controls, etc. Other Fixed Assets Furniture for inverter rooms, control room and administration/office. Pantry equipment, change room lockers, etc. Store racks and cupboards. Standard Mechanical Maintenance tools. Engineering and Project Management Design and Engineering Project Management and construction supervision Material Management Insurance during the project period. Project implementation schedule Based on international practices and technological advancements, it is estimated that first 10 MW capacity phase of the project will be supplied, installed and commissioned from project approval and additional 40 MWp of the project will be installed and commissioned in 60 months from project approval. Executing Executing consists of the processes used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan. Total project shall be completed within 60 months in 5 (five) stages of 10 MW each from date of sanction of the project. The modules will be ground mounted and tilted 27 degrees to face the sun. The ground mounting will require a flat level surface and will be set into concrete. The modules will require an area that is unshaded from the sun. Any vegetation underneath the modules will need to be kept to a level below that of the modules in order to avoid shading. All the modules will be at least 1.0m from the ground. It is assumed that this is adequate to keep the modules above the height of sand deposition at the site during sand storm. Monitoring and controlling Monitoring and controlling consists of those processes performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan. Monitoring and Controlling includes: Measuring the on-going project activities. Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline. Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly. Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated change control so only approved changes are implemented In multi-phase projects, the monitoring and controlling process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan. Operation and maintenance Whether a solar plant performs well in the long term and remains technically available depends to a large extent on servicing and regular maintenance. This shall be carried out by designated electrical experts in conjunction with technicians from the respective component manufacturers. To keep all components optimally available, an electronic data processing unit in the solar power plant will permanently gather and evaluate all relevant performance data and possible error messages. Using target/actual comparison, data from the power plant shall be continually compared with data from an on-site weather station. Possible errors shall be precisely located and immediately passed on via email, SMS or fax to the relevant service technicians. They can then, from their workplace, conduct fault repair through on-line remote maintenance. Financial analysis Assumptions estimates The assumptions are made that suppliers will abide by the following: Provide Safe Working Condition Consistency of Processes Adhere to Design Standards Adhere to Standard Components Follow the Framework Agreements The proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Project is of 50 MWp capacity. Estimated cost of the project is INR Rs. 17 Crores per MWp. (2.42 Million Pounds) The total project cost is Rs. 850 Crores (. Gross aggregate electricity generation has been arrived at 83.22 million kWh per annum. The capacity utilisation factor (plant load factor) is 19%. Project cost break-up means of finance Apart from machinery, installation and commissioning cost, interest during construction, financial institution fees and margin money for working capital is part of project cost. Project financial analysis has been carried out considering debt equity ratio of 70:30. Interest rate at debt part has been considered at 14.29%. Project Deliverables The project deliverables are based on the completion of project based on the following: On time On budget No accidents The fulfilment of original quality requirements Develop industry project management best practices that are measureable and repeatable Operational terminal both in the short and long-term Advantages The 89 pet watts of sunlight reaching the Earths surface is plentiful almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts equivalent of average power consumed by humans. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m ²) among renewable energies. Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development. PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies. Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-standing examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels. When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions). This can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power to provide for use in times of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering. Time-of-use net metering can be highly favourable, but requires newer electronic metering, which may still be impractical for some users. Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were approximately 7.2% in 1995). Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are rapidly falling. Disadvantages Photovoltaic are costly to install. While the modules are often warranted for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller. Solar electricity is seen to be expensive. Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much reduced in cloudy conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required. Solar electricity production depends on the limited power density of the locations insolation. Average daily output of a flat plate collector at latitude tilt in the contiguous US is 3-7 kilowatt and on average lower in Europe. Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie inverter) when used in existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%. Time Scale Duration/ Period Task/ Milestone Week 1 2 (01 14 Oct, 2010) Assemble common information through explore resources Week 3 (15 Oct, 2010) Research Proposal Assignment 1 Week 3 4 (16 28 Oct, 2010) Organize meetings and cart out reviews Week 5 7 (29 18 Nov, 2010) Gather and compile key Data Week 8 12 (19 Nov 23 Dec. 2010) Lettering and discussion with supervisor Week 12 13 (24 30 Dec, 2010) Review Week 14 (31 5 Jan, 2011) Review and submissions

Magic Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marque

Magic Realism in One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez In One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez uses â€Å"magic realism,† to depict how human beings deal with their self-created solitude. â€Å"Magic realism† [Note that the German art critic Franz Roh coined the term â€Å"magic realism† in 1925 to describe "a magic insight into reality†][1] is the art of captivating something that in the real world would not be possible and manufacturing it to be believable. It is very different from fairy tale magic, where things are quite astonishing, unbelievable, and over done. Instead, magic realism makes magic seem more spiritual and ordinary. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez does a superb job of combining the truly amazing and magical with everyday life, so that magic in Macondo seems normal.   Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, in part, is successful in â€Å"magic realism† because he makes ordinary events extraordinary, and that makes them mundane. Mà ¡rquez uses a technique that allows magic realism to work well in this novel, because he uses an exaggerated style of life. Macondo is a magical place, which permits the characters not to notice the magic, especially the exaggerated forms of life. At the same time the style that Mà ¡rquez uses allows the reader to believe the magic. The extent in which people in the novel age is astounding; this phenomenon is exemplified in the length of Pilar Ternera’s life.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Years before, when she had reached one hundred forty-five years of age, she had given up the pernicious custom of keeping track of her age and she went on living in the static and marginal time of memories.†(424) It is rare today that someone lives to be over 100, and Pilar lives to well over 145 years of age, yet she is not celebrate... ...at magic is a normal occurrence and that there is no need for excitement. The characters are too involved in their solitude to notice how special and magical their village is. It is this perverse ability to remain in isolation and wrapped in solitude that leads to their ultimate downfall. If they were not as obsessed with their solitude and could have realized the wondrous world they were living in, they could have made the best of their magical gifts. But they did not, and because of their ignorance, their lives and the village was destroyed.   â€Å"†¦Because races condemned to one hundred years of solitude did not have a second opportunity on earth.† (422) [1] Liberal Studies 402, on Tuesday, March 28, 1995, by Ian Johnston (lecture)    Works Cited: Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Trans. Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.

Concept Of An Internal Combustion Engine Engineering Essay

The chief map of an engine in all different types that they exist as is to alter the energy stored in fuel as chemical energy into a thermic energy which is a signifier where the engine can pull out and bring forth mechanical work end products from it. [ 1 ] Normally the engine is the device that makes all of this possible by leting the air/fuel mixture to travel through different sort of phases to make to the chief end which is pull outing mechanical work out of the chief energy supply which is normally chemical energy [ 1 ] . There are two different type of engines which are: internal burning engine, an external burning Engine, the chief difference between the two is where the Burning of fuel happens, in an external engine the burning of fuel/ air mixture happens outside the cylinder halls, while on the other manus the burning take topographic point inside the cylinder of the Piston in the internal burning engine [ 1 ] . There are different constituents that together organize an internal burning engine some of the of import 1s are: Cylinder form that contains Piston traveling up and down of it, Spark stopper to light the fuel/air mixture, Valves ( recess and fumes ) , Piston rings, Connecting rods, and Crankshafts ( Refer to calculate 1 to exemplify the Engine constituents ) [ 2 ] . Figure Engine parts The engine nomenclature can be summarised by four simple stairss: first measure being the recess valve gap and the Piston traveling down indoors a cylinder to allow as much air/fuel mixture into the cylinder as possible and so step two takes topographic point where the Piston moves back upwards to compact the mixture this is done merely when both valves are closed recess and exhaust valves is closed to halt any opportunity of mixture escaping, the 3rd phase is summarised by the ignition of the mixture to let go of thermic energy which causes the Piston to be driven down to pull out all the energy through Piston and linking rod. Once the energy is extracted the Piston hit the underside of the cylinder the fumes valve is unfastened to let to force the fuel outside of the cylinders so the rhythm can be so once more carried out [ 2 ] .this will be farther explained in subdivisions below.there are different sort of ways in which internal burning engines can be classified under such as: ba sed on thermodynamic rhythms, working rhythms, Fuel used in it, Method of ignition, Speeds, method of chilling, lubrication systems, application country and basic engine designs and many others [ 1 ] . However a focal point is drawn to two types of engines in this article which are: Diesel engine, Petroleum engine and chiefly a deeper research and focal point is done on the crude oil internal burning engine [ 1 ] . There is a quite difference between the two engines, in an Otto Engine ( crude oil engine ) , the first difference is being that the Otto engine suction phase suctions in both fuel and air together while Diesel engine suction in air merely and so shoot fuel in the air, hence more constituents are required in the Petroleum engines as a portion needed to blend the fuel and air before come ining the burning chamber which are normally carburetors and parts to light the mixture to let go of thermic energy out of it unlike in Diesel engine where self-ignite is carried out. Furthermore, they operate with different compaction ratios with crude oil holding less compaction ratios and many other differences are shown in the tabular array below [ 1 ] . Internal burning engine ( Spark ignition ) the four shot engine existed of all time since 1876 when Otto introduced his Figure Comparison between Spark ignition engine and Compression ignition engines thought at the universe exhibition in Paris and it was found that his thought of Otto engines is considered to be most economical at that clip, merely like any other engineering that exist and introduced to the market the Four shot engine has gone under different sort of accommodation to increase the efficiency and to better the functionality and adaptation for new sort of different application. However the construct still remains the same as the map of Otto engines is define by an Otto Cycle which consists of 4 Phases in each of these phases a critical timings and different factors affect the work, the chief thought was summarized before but now a farther account is given with respect of how an Spark ignition internal burning engine work [ 3 ] . As said earlier, Otto Engines are called four shot engines which mean each engine rhythm take four phases to finish, or in another words the Piston has to go four times inside the cylinder in order to bring forth any work [ 3 ] . First phase being the suction phase which is illustrated in figure 4, portion ( a ) this phase start by the recess valve unfastened to let air/fuel mixture to come in the cylinder when the Piston caput moves down to suck in air/fuel mixture, while in the same clip the fumes valve is closed to halt escaping gases, this phase halt when the Piston has travelled to the full to the underside and the Inlet valve shutting. This besides can be seen as the 0-1 phase on the P-V diagram in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . Second phase is explained as the compaction phase, where the chemical mixture is compressed and it is illustrated in figure 4, portion ( B ) . In this phase both valve is closed for the same ground earlier which is to halt mixture from get awaying while the Piston is compacting it during upward motion this can be seen in 1-2 in a P-V diagram figure 3, towards the terminal of this phase the tight mixture is so ignited to utilizing a flicker stopper which is normally found in the Centre of the cylinder, this ignition helps in altering the chemical energy into a thermic energy signifier which will consequences in high addition in temperature inside the burning chamber, this is shown by 2-3 on the P-V diagram figure 4 [ 3 ] . Phase 3 could be explained as the phase where enlargement is go oning which is illustrated in Figure 4 portion ( degree Celsius ) .the status is about the same as the compaction phase except the Piston is forced downwards as consequence of the combustion gases force per unit areas, hence power is produced during this phase and absorbed by the Piston. A noticeable bead in both temperature and force per unit area is go oning due to the enlargement go oning this is seen 3-4 in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . Stage four is the phase where gases are allowed to get away outside the cylinder this is shown in figure 4 portion ( vitamin D ) .In this phase the Exhaust valve is opened and this Piston moves once more up wards to coerce the staying gases outside the cylinder this is shown in 5-0 in the P-V diagram in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . This is where an engine finish one rhythm now the same rhythm is repeated merely with commixture of residuary gasses ( gases that did non get away during the exhaust phase ) [ 3 ] . Figure P-V diagram Figure Four-Stroke Engine phases The advantages of holding four shot engines over the 2 shot engines are many such as the four shot engines are much more fuel economic than the 2 stroke engines cause during 2 phases at that place is non adequate clip to fire all fuel, which once more leads to another advantage of being less polluted than 2 stroke engines as it tends to fire most of the mixture. Another advantage being that the four shot engine produces more torsion at low revolutions per minute when compared to the 2 shots engines this is once more related to the fuel combustion and the clip take to devour the energy over all. Furthermore comparing both engines in lastingness country, a immense advantage is found on the four shot engine than it is in the two shot engine, the ground being is that 2 shot engines are to run at truly revolutions to bring forth power and the more you revolute the more you wear your engine constituents [ 4 ] . Furthermore, when comparing both engine gasolene and Diesel there are certain points where the gasolene return advantage over Diesel while the other manner around in some other, when it comes to power and torsion it is a split determination between them none of them radiances, it is more like based on the application. When fuel economic system Diesel takes over in this field as the energy denseness in fuel is higher than this present in gasolene which means takes batch energy to bring forth the same power produced by a Diesel engine [ 5 ] . Another field to look at is cost when comparing both engines a gasolene is cheaper than a Diesel as Diesel engine required to work under high compaction ratios therefore everything comes with monetary value. Noise and quiver a gasolene engine takes over this field as it is much more quitter than a diesel engine and it agitate less and sometimes it is even difficult to state if a gasolene engine is running at low velocity [ 5 ] . Cold conditionss is another facet to compare both engine and the advantage of gasolene is by clear stat mi as the gasolene tends to hold flicker stoppers which helps in get the better ofing the cold conditions unlike Diesel engines where it self-ignite which means it may take clip before it can make so. Maintenance wise, the gasolene engines have advantage in short-run as there are several grounds doing Diesel to lose in this class such as big sum of oil nowadays in the engine fuel filters and so on [ 5 ] . Fuel cost, Diesel engines tend to hold it as advantage because Diesel is easy to polish from natural gasoline than gasolene which means it cost less than gasolene normally but nevertheless in some instances, Diesel may stop up with high monetary values as it is non a usual fuel to run vehicle in that specific part. Finally fuel handiness gasolene is more likely to be found all over states than the Diesels found as it is used more frequently when it comes to autos for obvious grounds such as comfort and safety and size [ 5 ] .Engine public presentationEngine public presentation is normally referred to as engine efficiency ( ? ) . There are different sorts of efficiency that outline the overall public presentation of an engine, such as [ 3 ] : Indicated thermic efficiency ( -Indicated thermic efficiency is fundamentally defined as how much energy in an indicated power ( & A ; igrave ; P ) is ensuing per the injected fuel ( & A ; igrave ; degree Fahrenheit ) [ 3 ] . Brake thermic efficiency ( -This is similar to the Indicated thermic efficiency except it defines the interruption power instead than the indicated power, so it is how much interruption power ( is ensuing due to fuel injected ( & A ; igrave ; degree Fahrenheit ) [ 3 ] . Mechanical thermic efficiency ( -Mechanical efficiency is defined and found to be as sum of interruption power ( to the corresponding indicated power ( and may besides be found by as the sum of interruption thermic efficiency to a corresponding thermal indicated efficiency [ 3 ] . Volumetric efficiency ( – This efficiency normally found as how much volume flow rate of air is sucked in an engine over the rate of displaced volume [ 3 ] . Density is the denseness of air at the recess valve. This efficiency is consider to be an of import parametric quantity that defines and outlines the over all of four shot engines. As the overall engine external respiration is controlled by this efficiency [ 3 ] . Furthermore, the better status of air sucked in by engine will specify the power of the engine under the status of an engine will suck in every bit much air allowed indoors. The mean ideal volumetric efficiency found when using full accelerator in spark engines is between 80 % -85 % [ 3 ] . You want maximize the volumetric efficiency of an engine to increase the thermic efficiency of an engine which will increases the overall public presentation of an engine [ 3 ] . Relative efficiency ( – Relative efficiency is explained as the sum of thermic efficiency produced by an engine during a rhythm compared to an ideal rhythm. The value of the comparative efficiency is of import as it defines the advancement of an engine [ 3 ] . Mean Piston velocity ( ) -the average Piston velocity counts and play a immense function in specifying engine public presentation it is found to be as L is the shot of Piston N is the grouch shaft rotational velocity The average Piston velocity defines how much each phase of the four shot engines is efficient. However this parametric quantity comes with bounds as the gases resist fluxing into an engine or as the emphasis produced due to the clash of different traveling constituents [ 3 ] . Specific power end product ( – Specific power end product is found to be the sum of power produced to the corresponding Piston country, this can be used to specify how good is the Piston country used by the engine maker to bring forth power without taking cylinder size into consideration [ 3 ] . Specific Fuel ingestion ( sfc ) -The sum of fuel consumed by an engine is normally explained and defined by the specific fuel ingestion, which is found by spliting the fuel over clip by the power produced by the engine. The value of SFC tells how good is the engine executing [ 3 ] . Fuel/Air ( F/A ) ratio or air/fuel ratio ( A/F ) – this is another of import factor that consequence the overall public presentation of an engine, it is really of import to fit the right values of fuel and air. Looking at both footings normally the term fuel to air is used as the fuel is the factor altering with the velocity in four shot engine. There are three different sorts of mixtures that can ensue of different ratios ; the first mixture is referred to it as chemically right ( stoichiometric ) sum of air to make complete burning of all fuel, 2nd one is called Rich mixture where the ratio of fuel interior is higher to the corresponding air atoms, and eventually the thin mixture where the sum of fuel/air ratio is less than stoichiometric. Thin mixtures are considered to be the most efficient [ 3 ] . The chief point to make the end of high efficiency is to make full the cylinder of an engine with every bit much possible and so combust in an efficient manner. To command how much is the charge being drawn by a cylinder, a really of import constituent plays a great function in commanding that, Cam shafts, as an addition on the valve gap or being lifted will ensue in restricting the limitation on the charge at the consumption which will take to and increase on the sum drawn to inside of the cylinder [ 6 ] . This is reasonably simple and non a difficult undertaking to accomplish. However the consequence of imbrication is complicated, overlapping is defined as the period where the consumption valve and the fumes valve are unfastened at the same clip [ 6 ] . To explicate, when the fumes valve is unfastened during the exhaust phase, at the terminal of that phase the air being exhausted out could do to suck in more charges into the cylinder if the consumption valve is unfastened to a certain extent, this relates to good fumes scavenging ( the procedure of taking left combusted gases out of the cylinder and make fulling it with new mixture ) [ 6 ] . Second point to maximise the air at the recess, an consumption design should be near idle at relation with the camshafts. Different RPM required different smuggler times and diameters [ 6 ] . At low RPM, Long but little diameter smuggler are required which will ensue in making maximal intake speed, therefore will take to higher intake inactiveness. As the RPM increases the diameter smugglers tend to increase in size and acquire shorter. Besides an addition in the figure of intake valves and recess ports will take to an addition of charges inside of cylinder nevertheless this is tend to be limited to the design of the burning chamber [ 6 ] . Compaction ratios are considered to be a high precedence factor that enhances an engine public presentation, the higher the compaction ratio the more thermic efficiency. But merely like any other factor this comes with a restriction as the more compress a mixture, the more you move towards self-ignite ( as the enlargement of fuel/air mixture will ensue in high temperature which will take the fuel to light before the release of the flicker ) this is the nomenclature used to run diesel engines. Another ground of the restriction of ability to increase the compaction ratio is that it may explode if non self-ignite ( explode besides known as the engine knock, it is defined as the combustion of fuel at high temperatures due to high compaction ratios which will take to strike hard or sudden detonation inside of a burning engine ) . The ideal compaction ratios that normally a crude oil engine can manage are around 10.5:1 [ 6 ] . However, in existent life scenario engines are capable to losingss at every phase, so even as it is desired to hold 100 % efficiency, it is rather impossible to accomplish due to clash and other grounds such as transmittal and so on, the ideal flicker ignition engine will hold about 25 % -30 % maximal [ 2 ] .Internal burning engines fabricating and managing practical facetsIn general internal burning engines existed since long clip now and different sort of development and betterment where introduced to the engines in which some of them where successful and some of them where non. A batch of these developments where discarded as it did non turn out it is functionality. Most engines that exist today are merely improved versions of those in early ages, Engine Design count to be a major of import facet while fabricating an engine, as any mistake or misidentify in little inside informations can be the company a batch of money other than impacting the safety and the comfort of a rider. En gine design requires critical determinations that are non based on mathematical background instead situational [ 7 ] . A successful engine design sing weight, majority, finicky and dependability and lastingness will depend on how good is the original elaborate design. Major jobs during planing an engine and fabricating an engine occur such as Structural unity, which means offering a portion practical structural place that can manage a batch of the end point gas force per unit areas, thermic enlargements and vibrational forces without adding excess cost and weight or size in the engine, it is a really hard undertaking to accomplish and yet the most of import factor to see while looking at designing/manufacturing of an engine [ 7 ] . Choosing the right stuff in which each portion of the engine is manufactured from is another critical measure to be taken attention of ; as the status inside of an engine differs some of portion should defy high force per unit areas while other should stand high temperatures. Besides the ability of these stuffs to defy different sort of day-to-day conditions such as wear, corrosions and so on based on the location of each portion, In general the stuff used to fabricate parts of engines are about standardised nevertheless the sum of complexs inside the stuff is still a variable to look at in order to accomplish good consequences [ 7 ] . Packaging and put ining engine inside of vehicle requires a deep idea to insulating the engine from the vehicle construction to cut down all the quiver cause by the inertial minute of engine which if transmitted will take to noises and unwanted uncomfortable drive. Engine saddle horses are at that place to function and assist in work outing this job, their chief map is to back up the engine weight inside a auto goon and to halt transmittal of the vibrational voices which limits the above conditions and increases comfort of the drive. Choosing the right saddle horse for the engine to settle on is really of import as if the saddle horse chosen is non suited it may take to clefts and interrupting down of the engine pipes and fumes pipes which will do a batch of money to replace [ 8 ] . The factors above were considered while doing and planing an engine and so put ining. Another facet to look at is the care of engines after installing and how it affects the overall public presentation of an engine and the life clip of that peculiar engine. Furthermore since engines are running normally at really high temperatures, and most of the energy released is heat, a chilling system is required to be installed to forestall engine off of overheating, furthermore chilling systems have another of import function which is to heat up the engine at really fast rate yet maintain it on coveted temperature, cause engine running at cold conditions will increase the wear of it constituents and the rate of bring forthing pollutant gases, another ground to keep engines at changeless coveted temperature is that to hold the burning chamber hot plenty to accomplish complete burn of the fuel and to keep the oil at low viscousness values which make it easy for the engines portion to travel. There are two different types of engine chilling which is either liquid or air chilling [ 9 ] . When it comes to utilize of auto, it is used on day-to-day footing so maintenance of different sort of auto parts is required ; engine care is one of those parts. Carburetors that mix fuel should be checked on regular footing to guarantee holding the right mixtures to fire, Oil altering is required every bit good on regular as it has of import function of lubricating the engine parts such as Piston and camshafts and linking rods and many others, oil systems are normally running in a cringle where the oil is collected eventually in a sump, the oil normally should be changed cause it accumulates soil and wont lubricate as much, do oil additives will finally turn less so it will non be as effectual [ 2 ] .Well to wheel Energy/ EmissionsWell to wheel energy is defined as the energy spent from pull outing different fuels from the natural stuff up until the energy is used by the auto and released as emanations. There are two chief phrase should be understood, first one is the Well to Tank ( WIT ) which is the energy spent to acquire fuel from natural stuff extracted from to the fuel pumps and armored combat vehicles and ready to be distributed for autos, the other is called Tank to Wheel ( TIW ) which is defined as sum of energy released during pumping and combustion of fuel up until its consumed and used by the auto wheels as mechanical energy, ( WIT ) and ( TIW ) represent a life rhythm of fuel which is shown in figure ( 5 ) .The usual fluid found and used in the internal burning engines in automotive field such as gasolene and Diesel are extracted from rough oil [ 10 ] . Extraction of rough oil is normally by natural force per unit area of belowground armored combat vehicles, nevertheless some state of affairs it requires the gas force per unit area injected in to pull out the petroleum oil, following measure is to stabilise the rough oil before transporting it as it is normally come with gases ( normally either shipped as by merchandise or used to shoot back into the belowground armored combat vehicles ) . The status of pull outing rough oil and bring forthing it vary based on many factors such as part it is extracted from, Fieldss, even from one well to another. So accurate value of emanations and energy can non be stated, an appraisal of those values can be give as 3.3g emanations eq/MJ and 0.025 MJ/MJ, normally the petroleum oil available for usage in Europe states is shipped all the manner from Gulf states this explain the low energy spent as it tends to be at low scope in that part where petroleum oils extracted [ 10 ] . C: UsersGambitDesktopFu el cycle.JPG Figure Fuel Cycle Well To Wheel Crude oils so shipped to different states to be refined after it has been extracted and produced. Largely rough oil is transported utilizing the sea but this may alter based on the distance it has to go, another mean of transit of petroleum oil is the grapevine through different countries such as Russian country to the European eastern states [ 10 ] . Here once more the diverseness of transporting a fuel it makes it difficult to gauge the entire energy/emissions, but since it is already considered most fuel is from in-between east the values of energy is around 10MJ/MJ and 0.8 eq/MJ [ 10 ] . Now that the petroleum oil has been transported to European part it has to be refined before usage, so the survey of energy spent and emanations produced is based on surveies in the Europe refineries. Oil refinery fundamentally is to divide different constituents of the petroleum oil, acquire rid of the unwanted compounds such as sulfur, altering the heavy molecules presented to want light leaden molecules. Usually refineries spent an norm of 6 % of energy to bring forth and polish, oil refineries tends to make a batch of merchandises from one stock, so it is about impossible to divide and happen values of energy and co2 emanations of individual merchandise but instead the values of the refinery itself as whole. However a unsmooth appraisal can be achieved based on survey done on 3 different merchandises and different sort of restriction has been set before giving the consequences shown in graph ( 6 ) [ 10 ] . Figure Energy and Greenhouse Gases emanations in refineries Then fuel is transported to fuel station by different sort of mean such as route oiler, trains or even grapevines, to presume the entire energy and emanation produced, all of the above transit is been taken into consideration. A value of 20KJ and more than 1 gram combining weight per MJ is set to be the concluding station of fuel [ 10 ] . The standard NEDC [ New European Driving Cycle ] has been taken as mention for ciphering and gauging the TTW emanations and fuel ingestions. The usual route fuels are taking into consideration while gauging the value below in the graphs based on the NEDC ordinance and computations. Harmonizing to many surveies that the mix of different engineerings are introduced to run autos are turning so that is taken into consideration as good [ 11 ] . The NEDC WTW Energy and emanation equations are given below as [ 11 ] : WTW GHG ( g CO2eq/km ) = TTW GHG ( g CO2eq/km ) + TTW energy ( MJf/100 km ) /100 ten WTT GHG ( g CO2eq/ MJf ) [ 10 ] Entire WTW energy ( MJ/100 km ) = TTW energy ( MJf/100 km ) x ( 1 + WTT sum expended energy ( MJxt/MJf ) ) [ 10 ] The information in figure ( 7 ) and figure ( 8 ) represent the energy spent and used to travel the auto in a European rhythm for 1 kilometers without neglect to the beginning of the fuel [ 11 ] . Figure ( 6 ) illustrate the well to wheel energy spent by different type of vehicles such larboard injection flicker ignition ( PISI ) , direct injection flicker ignition ( DISI ) for both gasolene and Diesel over the old ages of 2002 boulder clay 2010 and so including different sort of intercrossed autos in the 2010s. We can observer a batch of betterment towards utilizing energy as the DICI and PICI engines are shuting the spread between them with respect to efficiency and fuel ingestion as the engineering is taking a good advantages of turbocharging and downsizing, every bit good as traveling towards intercrossed autos the energy consuming is improved by about 15 % in crude oil engines and 18 % in Diesel [ 11 ] . So the focal point towards constructing intercrossed autos and bettering bing 1s will assist in sufficiently in diminishing the energy consumed to run autos. [ 11 ] Figure WTW Energy Using NEDC Cycle 2002-2010 Figure 7 represents the Greenhouse Gases emitted WTW Numberss utilizing the NEDC route Cycle once more, and as said earlier the PICI and DICI are traveling towards bettering and the spread in between them is contracting and every bit good as they are acquiring closer to viing with diesel efficiency due to grounds Clearfield before, now as the efficiency of any engine addition means the fuel ingestion decreases which means less fuel to fire to acquire same energy, less fuel mean less emanations are produced. Hybrid autos debut and betterments is assisting a batch in cut downing the emanations because electrical constituents function otherwise and a burn of chemical energy is non required hence, there is no release of gases [ 11 ] . Figure WTW Greenhouse Gas emanations Using NEDC Cycle as mention